The Elderly Old People - 1483 Words

The elderly. Old people. Senior citizens. These are all three different ways to represent one group of human beings. A younger, more naive version of myself would have viewed these people as grumpy, sedentary, helpless, or narrow-minded. The list goes on. It may come across that I have something against old folk, but I do not; that is not the point. The point is that I was generalizing an entire group of people based on preconceptions were psychologically embedded in me from fifteen years’ worth of external influences. However, my experiences with Mr. Nathan Glasser, who was a resident at Meadow Lakes Senior Center, opened my eyes to the role of stereotypes and their effects on a human being. This ingrained discrimination against the†¦show more content†¦Some of these preconceptions about the elderly come from what America values: youth, beauty, and vitality. In this society, the old folk do not seem to fit any of these categories, so people consider them to be unheal thy in order to put a larger distance between themselves and ageing. The creation of this distance separates oneself from death in a sense. For me, this discrimination against the elderly arises mainly from the fear that I will somehow do something wrong and cause the old man or woman to become furious. I was also very paranoid that the senior citizen would require serious medical attention, and I would not be able to get it in time. These people seem so helpless, and I can only do so much. However, I wasn’t alone in my views on the elderly; research shows that age discrimination has been steadily increasing since the 1990s due to the rise of the media. I had only just begun to volunteer at Meadow Lakes, and I was already forced to have one-on-one interaction with old people. How was I supposed to act in front of them? The only elderly people that I associate with are my grandparents, so how would I ever converse with someone I barely knew? This wasn’t like making friends at school; it was basically Greek to me. Even worse, the woman who worked here, Erin, let me off with a warning about Mr. Glasser before I even entered the room. She explained that he was very

Happy Teacher Free Essays

â€Å"HAPPY TEACHER† A Narrative Report on Practice Teaching 2011- 2012 Maria Regina D. Gile My parents would always tell me how I dreamed of becoming a teacher in the future. I would usually be found holding a book and a pen, scribbling some notes and cutting off sheets of paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Happy Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now A chalk and a board was my favourite, they would say, with matching pointing stick. I guess ever since, I find teachers so majestic and powerful and smart that made me want to be one. That was BEFORE not until now. Not today. I want to become a fashion designer, an interior designer, anything that has to do with the Arts. I love anything related to it. Colours, pegs, pencils, paintbrushes, everything. That is what I want. But you see, not all that we want, we get. This is what I want but I’m taking up what I don’t want. BS Education. Well for one it’s because a lot of people look at it as a low profession. Second, monetarily speaking, it does not tantamount to all the works to be done and efforts exerted. And lastly, my patience level? Err. Below Average. I cannot tolerate slow learners, or mentally challenged ones, or whatever you call them. I just am not comfortable with that. But fate brought me here. God brought me here. Although hard to accept, I had to. The first few years of me being an Education Student went quite well. I got high satisfactory grades, loved by teachers and gained friends. Everything was going well. I could get used to this, I thought to myself. Four years and I still haven’t shifted. Cool. And in my fourth year, the â€Å"total defining moment† has finally arrived; and that is to Practice Teaching- in an unfamiliar environment- just us- no back- up. Oh great, I thought. I better ready myself. I cannot back out! THIS IS A REQUIREMENT! I NEED TO DO IT IN ORDER TO GRADUATE! And so i did. I entered the room sheepishly with all eyes on me. Not to mention the slight murmurs children made and slight laughs. Boom- boom- boom! My heart went. I was assigned to Grade 1 students. I can do this. So in the first few weeks, i observed and supervised classes but not really went to the act of teaching. Children would usually approach me, asking me to open their biscuits, punch straws on their juices and fix their belts. It felt good and that was quite odd. I never opened myself to this perspective. Days went on and I realized i have memorized their names in just a week. I would usually call out their names to tell them to keep quiet, to fall in line and to fix their things. I’m lovin’ this i thought. What even made me realize i could be in this profession is when students started giving me cute little heart shaped papers telling me how much they love me and how beautiful i am. These kids really know how to appreciate every small little thing! My presence, they say, makes them feel safe and that they never want me to go away. Isn’t that sweet? Until finally i realized, i could be a teacher. I love kids, i love how they express their gratitude, i love the classroom setting! It makes me feel confident and safe and everything! And from that moment, i realized i wanted to become a Grade- school teacher. Not because i am enforced in this course but because i want it. Yes, i want to become a teacher. My â€Å"realization† was even strengthened when i started teaching. At first i was extremely nervous and uneasy because i do not know what to expect. Will they listen to me? Will they learn from me? Can they adapt to my strategy? All of these questions kept running in my mind until one student approached me and gave me a hug. I needed that. I instantly felt at ease. It felt like home. So i went on. The night before my teaching, i practiced and prepared myself very well. From the motivation, presentation, lesson proper and all. I didn’t want to fail. I need to impress my students, my critic teacher. So going back, when i started talking in front, i find myself getting more energetic and excited. i love talking and this profession allows me to maximize my mouth muscles! Great! The kids started listening attentively, actively participated and they are getting excited too! With this, i even thought, i am a great teacher! I can arouse their interest, they are listening and my critic teacher is smiling! It feels good and rewarding, honestly. All the things i have learned, i integrated, all the strategies taught, i applied and i said to myself this is gonna be fun! And so, i always prepared lessons even two days before and thought of different ways to motivate my students. I injected humor in my discussions that made the class lively, games to challenge the students, and riddles and more. It was fulfilling to see those timid students before were actively reciting and are motivated by me. I got so attached to all of them easily, taking care of them as if my own children. They’re my little angels! And everyday i look forward to see them despite the tedious works and deadlines. I know that becoming a teacher isn’t easy. It requires a lot of patience and hard work and passion. And i am thankful to God for bringing me here. If i didn’t give it a try, i wouldn’t have seen the beauty of this profession. Thanks to St. Paul too, for this practice teaching. It exposed me to an environment i would probably be dealing with for the rest of my life and through this Pauline Education, not only has it moulded me as a professional but a teacher with a heart and values. Finally, with the practice teaching i have experienced, it served as an eye- opener that becoming a teacher is not bad at all. It is a fulfilling profession not only academically or professionally but a food for the soul. How to cite Happy Teacher, Essay examples

Death Of Salesman (4885 words) Essay Example For Students

Death Of Salesman (4885 words) Essay Death Of SalesmanArthur Miller is one of the most renowned and important American playwrights toever live. His works include, among others, The Crucible and A View from theBridge. The plays he has written have been criticized for many things, but havebeen praised for much more, including his magical development of the charactersand how his plays provide good theater. In his plays, Miller rarely saysanything about his home life, but there are at least some autobiographicalhints in his plays. Arthur Miller is most noted for his continuing effortsto devise suitable new ways to express new and different themes. His play Deathof a Salesman, a modern tragedy, follows along these lines. The themes in thisplay are described and unfurled mostly through Willy Lomans, the maincharacter in the play, thoughts and experiences. The story takes place mainly inBrooklyn, New York, and it also has some flashback scenes occurring in ahotel room in Boston. Willy lives with his wife Linda and their two so ns, Biffand Happy in a small house, crowded and boxed in by large apartment buildings. The three most important parts of Death of a Salesman are the characters and howthey develop throughout the play; the conflicts, with the most important onesrevolving around Willy; and the masterful use of symbolism and other literarytechniques which lead into the themes that Miller is trying to reveal. ArthurMiller was born in Manhattan on October 17, 1915 to Isidore and Augusta BarnettMiller. His father was a ladies coat manufacturer. Arthur Miller went to grammarschool in Harlem but then moved to Brooklyn because of his fathers losses inthe depression. In Brooklyn he went to James Madison and Abraham Lincoln HighSchools and was an average student there, but did not get accepted to college. After high school, he worked for 2 ? years at an auto supply warehouse where hesaved $13 of his $15 a week paycheck. He began to read such classics asDostoevski and his growing knowledge led him to the University of Michigan. While at the University of Michigan, Miller worked many jobs such as a mousetender at the University laboratory and as a night editor at the newspaperMichigan Daily. He began to write plays at college and won 2 of the $500 HopwoodPlaywriting Awards. One of the two awarded plays No Villain (1936) won theTheaters Guild Award for 1938 and the prize of $1250 encouraged him to becomeengaged with Mary Grace Slattery, whom he married in 1940. Miller briefly workedwith the Federal Theater Project and in 1944 he traveled to Army Camps acrossEurope to gather material for a play he was doing. His first Broadway play, TheMan Who Had All the Luck, opened in 1944. Since then he has written 13 awardwinning plays and more than 23 different noted books. He had two children withMary Grace Slattery, Jane and Robert, but divorced her and in 1956 marriedMarilyn Monroe. He then divorced her later that decade, and, in 1962, marriedIngeborg Morath and had one child with her, named Rebecca. He now lives on 4 00acres of land in Connecticut and spends his time gardening, mowing, plantingevergreens, and working as a carpenter. He still writes each day for four to sixhours. His father always told him to read. He once said, Until the age ofseventeen, I can safely say that I never read a book weightier than ?Tom Swiftand the Rover Boys, but my father brought me into literature withDickens(Nelson, Pg. 59). His fathers good-natured joking was used toinvent the character of Joe Kellers genial side. After the Fall (1947) is aplay written by Miller where he sneaks in some small autobiographical notes. Thecharacter traits exhibited by the main woman in the play indicate his mothersearly encouragement to his literary promise. The Depression still troubles himtoday, especially for the hard times that he went through as a child. In aninterview, he once said, It seems easy to tell how it was to live in thoseyears, but I have made several attempts to tell it and when I do try I know Icannot quite touch that mysterious underwater, vile thing. (Welland, Pg. 38) Hisparents could not afford college for him, so the Depression affected his life inmany ways. Miller hated the McCarthy Witch-hunt trials of the early 1950s,and once was called before that tribunal but was acquitted of all charges. Hisplay, The Crucible, is a very powerful allegory to the McCarthy trials. He hasused the American industry many times in his works and criticizes such socialaspects of American society as its bad moral values and people who put toomuch importance on material wealth. Miller especially admired Henrik Ibsen, thegreat Norwegian master of the well-made, or tightly constructed, orderedplay. Miller was familiar with the works of Eugene ONeill, Clifford Odets,and Thornton Wilder as well as that of such European Experimentalists asBertholdt Brecht. All My Sons, Millers first drama to receive criticalacclaim seemed to largely follow Ibsens style and form, the theme and evenplot are based on some of Ibsens g reatest works. Millers plays received abroad audience and made the dialogue as plain as possible for the commonman to understand. One critic, Euphemia Wyatt, once said, I think theclosest parallel to Death of a Salesman is Ibsens The Wild Duck, where everyaction in the present works toward revelation of the past (Welland, Pg. 38). Miller believed that an ordinary person is able to serve well as a tragic heroif he gives up everything in the pursuit of something he wants intensely. Millers tragic heroes are usually confused. For example, Willy is confusedabout success and happiness. His solution to these problems of committingsuicide is a highly questionable one, at the least. But, Willy is planning oncommitting suicide for the betterment of his family, which is an admirableobjective. He is willing to sacrifice everything he has, specifically his life,for his convictions, which makes him, with using Millers definition, theepitome of a perfect tragic hero. Miller used very creative and original formatsin almost all of his works. For example, he has Willy holding two conversationsat the same time, which shows the problems going on inside of his head. WhenWilly is reminded of the Boston hotel room incident, he relives the event andfeels all the pain like it had just happened. His language is sometimesconsidered banal and lacking emotional power (Moss, 125). Some criticsbelieve that Miller has been too negative towards American society by showingmostly only the wor st of what people can do. Also, he has been criticized bysaying that he only shows the inhumane, mechanical workings of a business, neverthe loyalty that a company shows to its hardest workers. Some critics say hiscommon man heroes are little and in the worst case, just commonpeople. It has also been said that his heroes are not genuinely human enough toqualify as tragic figures at all. He has also been criticized for usinguntraditional techniques like the Act One Overture in The Crucible and theRequiem in Death of a Salesman. Miller always tries to find new forms ofstyle to explore new and different themes. Among these themes Miller takes intoeffect the vital contemporary issues of his time. Even those who disagree withhis literary, political, or social views say that he does care about society andtries to tie in morals with his works. Many also say his plays provide goodtheater, that his stories effect them emotionally, as well as mentally, andthat they stir the heart. A critic wh o, while working for The New YorkTimes, once called Death of a Salesman one of the finest dramas in the wholerange of the American theater (Corrigan, Pg. 94) and John Gassner saw it asone of the triumphs of American stage (MacNicholas, Pg. 106). So, it canbe stated that Millers works command attention. Death of a Salesman won thePulitzer Prize, the Drama Critics Circle Award and many others when it openedin 1949. Symbolism, foreshadowing and conflict are 3 of the many things thatMiller does best. All of these literary techniques have added a tremendousamount to Death of a Salesman and many others of his works. The play begins whenWilly Loman, a salesman over 60, enters his house unexpectedly, and tells hisworried wife, Linda, that, on his way to appointments in New England, he keptlosing control of his car. She urges him to ask Howard Wagner, Willys youngboss, for easier work in town so he will not have to drive as far anymore,Willy, dear. Talk to them again. Theres no reason why yo u cant work inNew York (Miller, Act 1, Scene 1). She also happily states that their twogrown sons, Biff and Happy, are upstairs and sharing their old room. Willy isconcerned that Biff, 34 years old, just quit another job out west. The entireconflict between Biff and Willy can be proven as starting at their meeting inBoston. When Biff saw his father, the man he idolized, with another woman,Biffs faith in him was shattered. To Biff, Willy was a hero, but after thisscene, he denounces him as a fraud. When Biff gets home, he burns his Universityof Virginia shoes, which represented all of Biffs hopes and dreams. Biff nolonger has feelings for Willy as Linda says, Biff, dear, if you dont haveany feeling for him, then you cant have any feeling for me(Act 1, Scene9). Linda believes that, since she loves Willy, Biff cannot come and just seeher because it would hurt Willy too much. Biff had believed in his father asbeing a great man, and he realizes that he was wrong. When Linda asks Biff wha tis wrong between him and his father, Biff recoils and says that it is not hisfault. Biff does not want to tell Linda that the whole problem is because ofWillys betrayal of her, so he just keeps it to himself and becomes the objectof her anger. Willys problem with society is that modern business isimpersonal. Even though business is business(Act 2, Scene 2), Willyshould have been treated like a human being, not just a faceless employee. Children and the Single Parent EssayAfter the restaurant disaster, she denounces both her sons fiercely, flings awaytheir flowers and imperiously orders them out of the house. Her one thought isWilly. If their presence cheers him or helps him in some way, she is glad tohave them around, but if what they do further upsets her already disturbedgrown-up child, then the sons must go and not return. Bernard and Charleycontrast strikingly to the Lomans. Unlike Willy, Charley lays no claim togreatness, but is content. He goes along calmly and quietly, undistinguished butrelatively content. His salvation, he once declared, is that he never took anyinterest in anything. That, of course, is not literally true for he showsunusually generous consideration to Willy and wants to help him, I amoffering you a job (Act 2, Scene 6). He set himself a modest goal and issatisfied with modest achievements. Bernard is no match athletically to theLomans, but gets good grades and is forging ahead brilliant ly. When he is lastseen, he is heading to Washington, DC to plead a case in front of the SupremeCourt. Willy stands in wonder as Bernard leaves and asks Charley why Bernard wasnot bragging, Charley replies, He dont have to- hes gonna do it (Act2, Scene 5). Charley, on his part, takes issue with Willy on such vital mattersas the importance of being well liked. Yet it is he who in the end defends Willyto Biff in almost melodic terms. Willy sneered at Charley, insulted him, andthen borrowed sizable sums from him, but Charley can say with vehemence,Nobody dast blame this man (Requiem). This father-son combination is anexact opposite of Happy and Willy, they understand right and wrong. Thesymbolism in Death of a Salesman is a major aspect of the story. One of thesymbols, specifically, Biffs sports shoes with the University of Virginiaprinted on the sole, represent his confident dream of a bright future through anathletic scholarship. When his dreams are shattered, he destroys the shoes i n afit of angry bitterness. The stockings mentioned throughout the play stand forinfidelity. They represent Willys attempt to look impressive outside the homeby giving a box of brand new ones to the woman he has an affair with. Lindadarns her own stockings and that makes Willy feel like a bad provider for hisfamily along with reminding him of his affair. Bens African cache ofdiamonds, to Willy, stands for his insurance policy. It is the great pile ofgold waiting for him if he takes the opportunity. Ben is always seen looking athis watch and this symbolizes the time that Willy has to take the opportunity. Finally, Ben says, Time, William, time! (Act 2, Scene 14). With that, Benis telling Willy to go through with his decision. The opportunity that they keepmentioning is Willy committing suicide. Another symbol, Dave Singleman, thefamous salesman, stands for success. He was everything that Willy ever dreamedof being. Willy wanted his funeral to be like Singlemans, with hundreds ofpeople showing up and telling each other how great Willy was. One literarytechnique that Miller used well in Death of a Salesman is foreshadowing. Onetime, Willy says to Charley in his office, Funny, yknow? After all thehighways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worthmore dead than alive (Act 2, Scene 6). Charley realizes what Willy isimplying and replies to him, Willy, nobodys worth anything dead (Act 2,Scene 6). This shows how Willy has already made up his mind to commit suicide. Also Willys Chevrolet and the rubber tube serve as the means for him to dothat. These two things also are hints to the outcome of Willys life. Anotherliterary technique Miller used is called flashback. The flashbacks are used asrevelations of things mentioned in the present-day conversations. They serve asa tool to help the reader understand the background to the story. Willy is oftencaught reliving the Boston hotel room scene, and is also sometimes reminded ofthe better times he had with his family when he was younger. A final literarytechnique Miller used well is irony. The reader sees that the problem betweenWilly and Biff is that Biff has lost all faith in his father. Linda oftenwonders why Biff hates his father so much, and never knows what is really goingon. Biff: Because I know hes a fake and he doesnt like anybody around whoknows! Linda: Why a fake? In what way? What do you mean? Biff: Just dont layit all at my feet. Its between me and him-thats all I have to say. (Act 1,Scen e 9) Linda has no idea of what is behind Biffs dislike for his father,and is sometimes confused by it. One theme Miller expresses in Death of aSalesman is the corruption of modern business. Willy has worked for over 30years for the Wagner Company, and, even though, to Howard, Business isbusiness (Act 2, Scene 2), Willys plea of slightly more consideration as ahuman being is wrenching and serves to underscore this theme. Even Charley saysthat personal association does not count for much, but contradicts this when heoffers his broken friend a job. Another theme expressed is unethical practicesand questionable morality. Willy seems undisturbed by the news that Biff has notbeen studying. He passes off some of Biffs actions, such as his cheating onexams and stealing the football, as being examples of initiative. Willyalso tries to excuse his infidelity by saying Shes nothing to me, Biff. Iwas lonely, I was terribly lonely. (Act 2, Scene 13). Willy also says nothingto Biff when he tells h im that he stole a football from his school locker-roomand also Olivers personalized pen. Willy, Biff, and Happy all lie repeatedlythroughout the play, with only Biff feeling bad about what he had done. We seethat this family falls apart and that this theme should serve as a moral toanyone who reads it. A final theme seen in Death of a Salesman is familysolidarity. Early on in its history, it is seen that the family is very happyand that the two sons admire their hard-working father deeply, We werelonesome for you pop (Act 1, Scene 3). As the play progresses, it is shownthat the whole family is unhappy, and that the bond between them all isunraveling as time passes. To resolve their problems, and if they wanted to helpeach other, they would have tried to discuss their problems instead of keepingthem inside and arguing with each other. Willys mental problems affectedthis, because he could only talk to his dead brother Ben about his familyproblems. If the family had stuck together, th ey might have pulled throughWillys terrible problems. If the play All My Sons signaled the arrival ofArthur Miller as a most promising playwright, Death of a Salesman raised him tothe rank of major American dramatist. He has been considered by many to be thegreatest of American playwrights. Some of Millers contemporaries, who arethemselves considered as being some of Americas leading writers, havebestowed high praise upon him and his works. Gilbert W. Gabriel described Deathof a Salesman as a fine thing, finely done (Corrigan, 95). Also, one ofthe most noticeable writers of all time, Euphemia Wyatt, termed it as being the,great American tragedy (Corrigan, 96). After reading this play a fewtimes, the reader is left in an awe-inspired state. It is mind-boggling toactually see the pure essence of Millers meaning. He develops themes andmorals so well in his works, especially Death of a Salesman, that it is takenfor granted. The messages are easily seen, but never fully understood until thereader first understands the story. Millers craftsmanship in this play isindisputable of being on the level of a masterpiece. Every aspect of the play isdone magnificently well, and Miller blends these separate ideas togetherbrilliantly. The symbolism and irony, especially, are two of the greatestaspects of the play. Millers unorthodox style adds even more to the greatnessof the play. The flashbacks he uses are, at first, a confusing part of the play,but, when read over, only enhance the powerful messages told in it. The readerunderstands easier the problems that Willy faces because of Millers style. Without the flashbacks, the background to his mental problems would not havebeen easily seen. The reader also sees the importance of the play in Americansociety. Death of a Salesman, among other of his works, is used as a messengerof things Miller would like to see done away with in American society. Hecriticizes material wealth, the lack of American family values, and the lack ofmutual responsibility between people. Miller, with just putting these themesinto a great story, can be considered a good writer. Everything else that he hasdone in his works makes him a true master of plays. BibliographyArthur Miller. Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation. 1996Corrigan, Robert W. Arthur Miller- A Collection of Literary Essays. Englewood,New Jersey: Dutton; 1969. Hayman, Ronald. Arthur Miller. London: HeinemannEducational; 1960. MacNicholas, John. Arthur Miller. DLB (Volume 7, Part2). Detroit: Bruccoli Clark Books; 1981. PP 86-111. Miller, Arthur. Death of aSalesman. Ringwood, Victoria, Australia: Penguin Plays; 1976. Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller. New York: McKay; 1970. Murray, Edward. Arthur Miller: Dramatist. New York: F. Unger Press; 1967. Nelson, Benjamin. Arthur Miller- Portrait of aPlaywright. New York: Grove Press; 1961. Unger, Leonard. Arthur Miller. American Writers- A Collection of Literary Biographies. (Volume 4). New York:Simon and Schuster MacMillan; 1974. PP 145-169. Welland, Dennis. Arthur Miller. New York: Twayne; 1967.

PG Scope Case Study Essay Example

PG Scope Case Study Paper Scribd Upload a Document Search Documents Explore Hazie Jamaluddin / 3 Download this Document for Free Procter Gamble Inc: Scope Scope was introduced in 1967 by Procter Gamble, is a green mint tasting mouthwash,and was positions as a great tasting mouth refreshing brand that provided bad breathprotection. Scope held 32% share of the Canadian market for 1990. In 1970 Scope becamethe market leader in Canada, with many competitors, such as Listerine mouthwash that waslaunched by Warner Lambert in 1977 and it was a direct competitor to Scope, it had nearlythe same characteristics as Scope with a 12% of the market share during that time. But themajor competitor for Scope was Plax, a brand by Pfizer Inc, which was launched in Canadain 1988 on a platform quite different from the traditional mouthwashes, and gained a 10%share since launched. Plax detergents were supposed to help loosen plaque to makebrushing effective. Before the entry of Plax, brands in the mouth wash market werepositioned around two major benefits that are fresh breath and killing germs, whereas Plaxwas positioned around a new benefit as a plaque fighter and claims Plax removes up tothree times more plaque than just brushing alone. In studying the current situation and preparing for a strategic plan, Gwen Hearst reviewedthe available information and surveys for the mouthwash market and Scope showed that75% of Canadian household use 1 or more mouthwash brands. The company’s marketresearch revealed that users could be segmented to â€Å"heavy† users that comprised 40% of all users and to â€Å"medium† users that comprised 45% of all users and to light users thatcomprise 15%. The company also made a research on why consumers use mouthwash,and the results were: consumer’s basic hygiene, it gets rid of bad breath, it kills germs andmany other reasons. Also surveys were conducted of mouthwash user’s image of the major brands based on several attributes such as, reducing bad breath, killing germs, removingplaque and others. Plax achieved a strong image on removing plaques and healthier teethand gums, whereas scope scored a weaker image on those attributes. We will write a custom essay sample on PG Scope Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on PG Scope Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on PG Scope Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In analyzing theCanadian mouthwash market share the data showed that Scope had the highest marketshare among all brands, but there was a big difference in the share held by Scope in foodstores 42%, versus drug stores 27%. Competitive data were also collected for advertisingexpenditures, and the results were that most of the advertising expenditures were of Scope,Listerine and Plax accounting for 90% of all advertising. As for the retail prices, bothListerine and Plax had the highest prices among other brands in food stores, whereasScope, Listerine and Listermint had the highest prices in drug stores. And in comparingScope market share between Canada and USA, the results showed that Scope in Canadatakes 33% of the market share, while USA Scope’s market share was 21. 6% that came after Listerine, where Listerine held 28% of the mouth wash market share in America. After the introduction of Plax by Pfizer Inc whereby PG were loosing market share, andafter studying the current situation and making several surveys and market researches,Hearst challenge was to the 1 st problem which is to develop strategy that ensures the ontinued profitability of Scope in face of competitive threats and especially by Plax thatgained 10% share of the product category. So her specific task was to prepare a marketingplan for PG mouthwash business for the next 3 years. The 2 nd problem is how will PGmaintain their profit and make sure that the Scope brand is always the first mouthwashproduct ranking among consumers? The mouthwash market is changing everyday with theemergence of new products and prod uct features. As a result, PG wants their Scopebrand to be the first choice among consumers. In the case of product development, PDD has demonstrated that Scope reduced plaquebetter than brushing alone because of the antibacterial ingredients in it. So the (ProductDevelopment) PDD has recently developed a new pre-brushing rinse product that performedas well as Plax but didn’t work any better than Plax in removing plaque. The key benefit of this recently launched product is that it tastes better than Plax. However, PDD’s preferencewas to not launch a new product, but instead to add plaque reduction claims to Scope. Since the basic argument was that it is better to protect the business that PG was alreadyin, than to launch a completely new entry. As for the case of sales, the sales people hadnoticed that Plax sales were increasing in the market place, and believed Scope shouldrespond quickly, so they suggested that a brand must be unique and different enough fromthe competitors in order to be listed in the store shelves, or otherwise the category salesvolume would spread over more units. Market researchers suggested that Hearst look at other benefits or alternatives beyond justa â€Å"plaque reassurance on scope† or a â€Å"a better tasting pre-brushing rinse† Whereas thepoint of view from finance, on one hand Plax had a high price so a new rinse might be aprofitable option, on the other hand they were concerned about the capital and marketingcosts which would increase. The purchasing manager estimated that the cost of the newingredients of a line extension would increase by $ 2. 55 and the packaging would cost$0. 30. As for the advertising agency it favoured a line extension, since adding any new claimfor scope is a huge strategic shift for the brand that would confuse the consumer anddecrease the market share, because relating 2 different ideas is very difficult (breathrefreshment good tasting) (removes plaque). Hearst and the business team have two options, on one hand a line extension or newproduct positioned against Plax could be introduced into the market and in the other handdoing nothing and just looking at claims other than â€Å"breath† instead of adding a new product. Launching a new product â€Å"new pre-brushing rinse† would cannibalize a part of Scopesales, also the delivery, marketing and capital costs of PG will increase if a new rinse waslaunched and the user of Scope would be confused since he/she saw in the old scope abreath refreshment, taking into consideration that the new rinse is not any better than Plax in reducing plaque, but at the same time it may increase the market share of PG andincrease its profit. Whereas adding a new claim for Scope ould not increase the volumeof sales, but it could prevent current users of Scope to switch and it would stabilize thebusiness, and even though the advertising agency thinks that it’s hard to relate two differentclaims, it should try to relate them in order to make an effective advertising that includesboth â€Å"breath† and â€Å"plaque† claims. Since adding plaque reduction to breathe refreshmentand good tasting is an additional benefit that the scope consumer can be nefit from and itmay attract the potential users that scope aim at. Also PG has to collect more informationto see what the consumer needs and improve it within the same product; especially that it isbased on a philosophy of satisfying the customer needs. Scope was positioned around twobenefits that are refreshing breath and good tasting, and it should stick to this position withother additional claims or benefits if it can, so it should not launch a new product thatconfuses the customers but stick to this position that it has in the market place and that isconsidered to be its competitive advantage. It’s better to protect the business that PG isalready in for many years and just add a plaque claim, than launching a completely newentry that is not secured. Questions: 1)How will PG develop a strategy that will ensure the continued profitability of Scopedespite competition? 2) Should PG take risk of introducing the completely new product for 3 years plan? Discuss the advantage and risk involved. 3)

sexuality essay essays

sexuality essay essays Many experts agree that homosexuality has existed as long as human beings themselves, although the attitude towards them has undergone dramatic changes in some countries. Accepted by many societies during Greek and Roman era, most of the time homosexuals were considered to be sinners against nature and even criminals. In Medieval and modern periods homosexuals were prosecuted. Enlightenment brought some liberation, substituting death penalty by imprisonment. In Nazi Germany so-called "doctors" tried to "cure" gays by the ways of castration and extreme intimidation. Until 1973 attempts to find a cure against homosexuality, what by majority was viewed as a disease, were continued. Today, when research on twins suggests that sexual orientation is not a choice, but our genetic predisposition, homosexual acts are still considered to be immoral and even illegal in majority of countries and in the eyes of most religious groups homosexuals, probably, always will be the subjects of anathema. As much as the future may look gloomy for many gays and lesbians all over the world, there are remarkable changes in public opinion and officials attitudes toward homosexuals in some countries. For example, in 1989, Denmark was the first to allow the same-sex marriage. In the United States the subject of homosexuality remains controversial. For example, In Hawaii three homosexual couples asked the court to recognize their right to get married and the court did. However, the state government refused to legalize this marriage. Consequently, a new amendment was introduced to the state Constitution. At the same time, majority of the states are not even considering this option and homosexuality itself is still illegal there. Still, not only authorities try to determine the position they should take towards homosexuals, many common Americans also have no clear understanding of how to react to homosexuality. Why should we bother to find the answer to the ...

Proposed Lyrics for the Spanish National Anthem

Proposed Lyrics for the Spanish National Anthem Spain has long been one of the few countries with no lyrics for its national anthem, known as La marcha real (The Royal March). But the Spanish national anthem does have unofficial lyrics, which have been written not only in Spanish, but also in Basque, Catalan, and Galician. Source of Proposed Anthem Lyrics Spains national Olympics committee held a contest in 2007 to come up with suitable lyrics, and the words below are those penned by the winner, a 52-year-old unemployed resident of Madrid, Paulino Cubero. Unfortunately for the Olympics committee, the lyrics immediately became the subject or criticism and even ridicule by political and cultural leaders. Within a few days of the lyrics becoming known it became clear that they would never be endorsed by the Spanish parliament, so the Olympics panel said it would withdraw the winning words. They were criticized, among other things, for being banal and too reminiscent of the Franco regime. Lyrics to La Marcha Real  ¡Viva Espaà ±a!Cantemos todos juntoscon distinta vozy un solo corazà ³n. ¡Viva Espaà ±a!Desde los verdes vallesal inmenso mar,un himno de hermandad.Ama a la Patriapues sabe abrazar,bajo su cielo azul,pueblos en libertad.Gloria a los hijosque a la Historia danjusticia y grandezademocracia y paz. La Marcha Real in English Long live Spain!Let us all sing togetherwith a distinctive voiceand one heart.Long live Spain!From the green valleysto the immense seaa hymn of brotherhood.Love the Fatherlandfor it knows to embrace,under its blue sky,peoples in freedom.Glory to the sons and daughterswho give to Historyjustice and greatness,democracy and peace. Translation Notes Note that the title of the Spanish national anthem, La marcha real, is written with only the first word capitalized. In Spanish, as in many other languages such as French, it is customary to capitalize only the first word of composition titles unless one of the other words is a proper noun. Viva, often translated as long live, comes from the verb vivir, meaning to live. Vivir is often used as a pattern for conjugating regular -ir verbs. Cantemos, translated here as let us sing, is an example of the imperative mood in the first-person plural. The verb endings of -emos for -ar verbs and -amos for -er and -ir verbs are  used as the equivalent of the English let us verb. Corazà ³n is the word for the heart. Like the English word, corazà ³n can be used figuratively to refer to the seat of emotions. Corazà ³n comes from the same Latin source as English words such as coronary and crown. Patria and Historia are capitalized in this hymn because they are personified, treated as figurative persons. This also explains why the personal a is used with both words. Note how the adjectives come before the nouns in the phrases verdes valles (green valleys) and inmenso mar (deep sea). This word order provides an emotional or poetical component to the adjectives in a way that isnt readily translatable to English. You might think of verdant rather than green, for example, and fathomless rather than deep. Pueblo is a collective noun used in much the same way as its English cognate, people. In the singular form, it refers to multiple persons. But when it becomes plural, it refers to groups of people. Hijo is the word for son, and hija is the word for daughter. However, the masculine plural form, hijos, is used when referring to sons and daughters together.

How outsourcing could be accomplished in ways that improve employee Research Paper

How outsourcing could be accomplished in ways that improve employee acceptance and reactions to change - Research Paper Example The paper tells that in today’s global world, outsourcing jobs is increasingly a fact of life. Outsourcing may be necessary to retain a competitive advantage, as other firms are outsourcing to take advantage of lower costs and higher quality. That said, outsourcing may not always be acceptable to the affected employees. Employees may be cynical about the changes brought about by the outsourcing, which leads to decreased employee morale. There are ways that firms should approach outsourcing decisions, namely communicating directly with employees in an effective manner. There are also ways not to approach outsourcing, which involves blindsiding employees and lying to them, as OzBank, the case study detailed below, approached their outsourcing. Moreover, appointing an effective, transformational leader to guide the process is essential. Guang Qu et al. researched what characteristics regarding IT firms made the firms more likely to outsourcing. They found that industry munificenc e and dynamism was positively correlated with the amount of outsourcing done by the individual firms in the industry. On the other hand, industry concentration is negatively correlated with outsourcing, due to the power and resources such firms have. They also found that high capital intensive industries are less likely to downsize than low capital intensive industries. This is because high capital intensive industries do not put a premium on risky and novel practices, which outsourcing is considered to be. Cox et al. (2011) also studied outsourcing with regards to IT firms. They identified two different categories of IT outsourcing – IT outsourcing with regards to core value-chain operations, and IT outsourcing with regards to support activities. The main outsourcing in the core value chain operations is distribution, whereas, with support activities, human resource management and facilities management are the two main support activities which involve outsourcing. They state that firms outsource because they want to retain a competitive advantage, including costs savings and quality improvement. Outsourcing may also increase flexibility of the firm, as well as restructure the firms’ costs. The focus of their study is on IT firms which are in the public sector, as opposed to the private sector, and the research method was case studies with semi-structured interviews. They found that, with the firms in the public sector, that the cost savings was the most important factor in the decision to outsource, and that the firms which did outsource found that there was also a quality advantage to doing so. This is because there is generally a larger pool of skilled workers to draw upon when a firm outsources. That said, there might be a disadvantage to firms which outsource due to industry perception of these firms. Oh et al. (2006) studied this factor. They found that, with regards to investors, one half of the investors in IT firms responded negatively t o announcements that the IT firm would be outsourcing, and one half of the firms reacted positively. The positive reactions came when the level of transactional risk for the firm was low, and the opposite when the level of transactional risk was high. The key drivers for negative reactions were â€Å"the relative size of the contract, the inability to monitor the vendor’s performance, the asset specificity of the IT outsourced resources, and the relative size of the vendor† (Oh et al., 2006, p. 299). Lee et al. (2000) further studied information systems (IS) outsourcing. They identified five research issues with regards to this. The first was why firms used outsourcing for acquisition. In particular, a firm must decide whether to make or buy developed technology. The next issue is the motivation for outsourcing. Lee et al. (2000) notes that there are inherent advantages and disadvantages to outsourcing. The advantages include cost reduction and quality enhancement. The disadvantages include loss of control, loss of qualified personnel and loss of flexibility. The third

IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT - Essay Example The reliability and validity of data and information therefore, become critical ingredients for correct evaluation of the processes or situations if they are to serve as important facilitators to organizational success. Data quality and data integration are different aspect of same coin which are intrinsically linked to the relative accuracy of outcome. Quality and validity of data is extremely important as it assures the reliability within the data, judicious manipulation of which can lead to desired outcome. Data integration, on the other hand is just efficient collation of the same, irrespective of the fact that data is reliable or not. Thus, in the broader framework of effective information management, assurance of data becomes a critical aspect of effective information system. With assured data that is reliable and valid, information retrieved would provide wide ranging knowledge about the existing and emerging paradigms of the business world which may have considerable impact o n the organizational performance outcomes. Data, information and knowledge are the three main facets of the informed choices which are effectively linked to the organizational goals and objectives. ... In short, collation or integration of data provides specific information regarding issues and areas of importance to organizational processes. Interestingly, knowledge becomes the most important part of organizational functioning. It can be described as the thoughts, opinion, observation or ideas which are applied in one’s daily life. They are manipulated to suit one’s needs and requirements in myriad ways. In organizational context, it provides the working population with expertise to exploit the given information for optimal performance outcome. Thus, diversity in the area of knowledge becomes the most important aspect of it and whether one wants it or not, it has become personal choice for one to imbibe, cultivate, facilitate, use, misuse and so on. The precepts and concepts of knowledge, have therefore, become significant tools for not only expanding the scope of utilization of the existing resources but they have become important to understand the changing dynamics of business environment. The main reason that data quality and data integration are important is primarily because they help in storing and manipulating strategic business information that are designed to improve the overall business prospects. In technological term, information system is developed by creating database of various spheres of the business including administration, management, productions, accounts and other areas which are intrinsically linked to produce the desired outcome of efficiency, quality and profits. The access to information facilitates efficient and knowledge based decisions by the managerial leadership and team. At the same time, it serves as a great tool for the management to exploit the available

The Beauty and Complexity of Minimalism Essay Example for Free

The Beauty and Complexity of Minimalism Essay Today’s modern world is often complex, colorful, noisy and fast-paced. When I am engaged in art, I frequently look for works that allow me to escape from my hectic lifestyle. Clean lines and use of space appeal to my senses and calm me. Sometimes, what is not stated says more than what is stated. I have learned from my study of Japanese art history this semester that simplicity seems to be a common theme in many of the artworks produced throughout Japan’s rich history. Of course, this is not always the case; there are plenty of works that are colorful and loud. Use of color, in fact, seems to be an appreciated value in much of the art I have seen. However, there seems to a simplistic nature in even the most complex of Japanese artwork. This minimalism appears to be an appreciated Japanese aesthetic. Two works of Japanese art stood out to me this semester, precisely for their minimalistic nature: Pine Trees by Hasegawa Tohaku from the late 16th century Momoyama period, and a Shoki-Imari sake bottle from the 17th century Edo period. While there are many differences between these two works, they appear to complement each other. Each of these works has a rich history behind its creation and they both convey a sense of complex simplicity. Before diving into the two works of art presented in this essay, a brief overview of the periods that spawned these artworks is necessary; specifically the relationship of the Momoyama and Edo periods with painting and ceramics, respectively. 1. Momoyama Background Artistically, the Momoyama period (1568-1615) was the most important half-century period in the history of Japan (Swann 211). Momoyama means â€Å"Peach Blossom Hill,† and the period drew its name from the flowering peach trees, over-looked by the great Fushimi Castle, which was frequented by the local residents of the prefecture (Hickman 19). Hickman states, â€Å"[The term, Momoyama] seems appropriate†¦ for the vision of a brilliant cloud of evanescent peach blossoms serves well as an evocative visual metaphor for the period, a ‘golden age’ of short duration but memorable accomplishments,† (19). The period was fraught with intense warfare between clans, and the emperor remained powerless, but the Momoyama laid the foundation for a modern Japan that would experience over two hundred and fifty years of peace in the Edo period. Momoyama’s art was defined by color and movement that took the place of previously used monochrome and stillness (Swann 215). Artists suddenly felt free of restraint and were free to breath new life into old themes and form original interpretations (215). Color, gold and silver were frequently used in art. The Kano school style of painting gained prominence. Folding screens, covered in paper with bold paintings, became increasingly popular. â€Å"Perhaps [The Momoyama’s] most important product is among the most conspicuously decorative works ever produced†¦ a movable and flexible wall of dubious utilitarian value, but perhaps the most significant creation of the Japanese decorative style,† (qtd. Swann 216). The large area of the folding screen lent itself to broad, sweeping brushstrokes and immense designs. The Momoyama period attempted to bring nature into the household. 2. Hasegawa Tohaku Hasegawa Tohaku (1539-1610) was born in Nanao in the province of Noto (Tazawa 83). He was a painter of the Momoyama period who was able to paint in both Chinese and Japanese styles (Swann 219). Before he took the name Tohaku, he went by the name Shinshun and mainly produced portraits and Buddhist paintings (Tazawa 83). Hasegawa Tohaku was highly skilled and studied the works of Sesshu, Shubun, Kanga, the Kano school and Song and Yuan Chinese dynasty painters (83). Much of his work represented the style of the Momoyama period – flowering trees, flowers, and bright colors. However, his most famous paintings, like Pine Trees differ greatly from the typical Momoyama style (Seiroku 107). . Edo Background The Edo period (1615-1868) is distinguished by the long rule of the Tokugawa clan and an era of political stability. The period is called Edo since the capital was moved from Kyoto to the small village of Edo, which later became Tokyo. Two important developments influenced the subsequent artistic developments of the Edo period. First, in the Edo period Japan beca me completely isolated from the rest of the world by closing its borders to foreigners (with a small exception to some Dutch and Chinese near Nagasaki) and prohibiting foreign travel (Swann 239). Since the Chinese had historically influenced the Japanese, artists were now able to move towards the rejection and free adaptation of Chinese influences (Watson 260). The closed borders also removed the Western and Christian influences which had been slowly filtering in through the Dutch. As feudalism declined in the West in favor of the creation of parliamentary systems, Japan feverishly worked to pursue, â€Å"pleasure and extravagance which is most vividly reflected in the arts,† (Swann 240). The pursuit of the arts gave way to the second major Edo development the rise of the merchant class, which affected the artistic patronage and ushered in the Edo artists. New patrons allowed art to flourish in the Edo period. The new city of Edo helped create this new class of merchants that were able to supply not only the samurai, but themselves as well. This opened new and wider markets for the creations of artists and craftsmen (Swann 243). 4. Shoki-Imari ware One of the greatest influences to Japanese ceramics was Hideyoshi Toyotomi’s invasion of Korea at the end of the Momoyama period (Watson 260). The Japanese still wanted to produce ceramics that represented the greater Asiatic cultures, so the returning Japanese armies brought back Korean potters (Sanders 44). This led to a tremendous advance in ceramics of the early 17th century, allowing for the proliferation of porcelain (Watson 260). There were several innovations of porcelain throughout the Edo period, but for the purpose of this paper, only the Shoki-Imari ware will be discussed. Arita became a town in the Saga prefecture of Japan known for porcelain production after a discovery by a Korean potter in the early 17th century (Sanders 44). The earliest porcelains, called Shoki-Imari, were made out of a poor quality clay, with a high iron content (Watson 261). These Shoki-Imari were typically decorated with an underglaze of cobalt oxide, which had a bluish tinge. The decorations were often flowers or landscape of Korean influence (261). However, the Japanese still envied the enameled porcelain of the Chinese Ming Dynasty and finally by the mid 17th century the Arita potters learned how to use an overglaze to produce that effect. Both the underglaze and the overglaze porcelains were able to proliferate to Europe through the very limited trade with the Dutch. . Pine Trees and the Shiko Imari sake bottle The first thing one notices about Hasegawa Tohaku’s screen painting, Pine Trees, is that the entire painting is monochromatic and you can easily see how little of the canvas is used. There is more space than ink, or in terms of the environment, more mist than trees. This presents a sense of openness, almost an empti ness in the painting. According to Tazawa, â€Å"In no other work, perhaps, has the poetic quality inherent in Japanese style ink painting been so successfully realized,† (84). The same sort of feeling of Pine Trees is immediately seen in the Shoki-Imari sake bottle. The sake bottle is also monochromatic and the porcelain gleams all around the sparseness of the landscape presented. It has the same sort of emptiness as Pine Trees. This emptiness is interesting in the sake bottle because the use of the open space makes the bottle seem empty inside. Both pieces of art are similar in the sense that they present a landscape, which is a common Japanese aesthetic, especially of those time periods. The artist of the Shoki-Imari bottle is unknown, but it is clear that he was familiar with the environment he was painting. Both pieces of art make the viewer feel they are inside the painted scene, even if one piece is small and the other is large. Both works create environments that are simple and direct in their reference to an ageless Japanese reality (Seiroku 107). One element the sake bottle presents that Pine Trees does not is the bottle uses a man-made element it its scene; the sake bottle has a pagoda painted on it. This element causes the viewer to feel as if man had been inside the portrayed environment where Pine Trees does not. Pine Trees leaves the viewer feeling that no one had ever been inside the forest. The use of the mist helps enforce this feeling. It gives it a haunted, untouchable feel. The sake bottle landscape makes the artwork feel approachable. Another difference is that the techniques used in Pine Trees are distinctly Chinese. The techniques used in the creation of the Shoki-Imari Sake bottle were Korean. However, since the Japanese wanted to create ceramics in the manner of the Chinese, the underglaze was painted on in a Chinese style. This specific Shoki-Imari piece however, was not part of the first Shoki-Imari created, since it was formed sometime between 1650 and 1660 (Watson 267). It is in the style of the first porcelains exported by the Dutch, but was created later for the international market; Arita had already ceased production on poorer quality Shoki-Imari ceramics (267). Since the Japanese had already mastered overglaze technique by this time, this bottle was made purposefully with underglaze. The blue and white design was an aesthetic of the Chinese the Japanese were trying to master and created this vase to replicate earlier Chinese models (267). The painting styles of the two pieces of artwork are similar and different. In Hasegawa Tohaku’s Pine Trees, the ink was skillfully applied with â€Å"varying degrees of thickness to create the effect of pine trees partly hidden in mist, the work as a whole giving a strong sense of economy, vividness, and clarity of conception,† (Tazawa 84). Some of the ink of the trees is so dark that some individual branches are indistinguishable, yet they seem closer and more clear than those painted lightly. In some parts of the painting, there is nothing painted at all, but it is still clear that the forms of the trees are still there, even if only implied. For the most part, the use of hue in Pine Trees is not the same as the Shoki-Imari sake bottle. Some parts of the trees are painted darker than others, but only to give the individual trees added detail. There are some varying hues of the mountains and land in the bottle, but not in the same sense as Pine Trees. The mountains are not painted in detail either; they are only outlines, leaving the inside hollow. The lightest object on the entire bottle is, surprisingly, the man-made pagoda. The lightness of the pagoda assumingly expresses the Japanese respect for a nature. Each piece of artwork has something in common and something different in the way they portray the tree branches. In Pine Trees, Hasegawa Tohaku curves the branches, sloping toward the ground. But at the same time, there is a slight element of the Ma-Yuan Chinese influence on Japanese painting. The trees have a slight angular nature to them. It is not something that is noticed at a mere glance, but upon further study, you can see the implied angular nature of an older style of painting. He clearly studied the style and made it his own. The brushstrokes imply a hidden angularity in the forest. The Shoki-Imari sake bottle does not use any angularity, but it has another interesting element. The two trees in the foreground sit at an angle and curve with the roundness of the bottle. The mountains also protrude into the neck of the bottle. This method of following the lines and curves of the bottle makes the environment seem more real by conforming to the three dimensional object. Another element that the two pieces of art have in common is depth. The Shoki-Imari sake bottle certainly does not use a thickness in the brushstrokes to convey this. It conveys depth by the placement of the objects. The mountains are painted above the tree line with little overlap. A river flows from the base of the mountains to the middle of the bottle where the pagoda is located in the middle of the tree. The tree come up from the ground at an angle and curve to either side so that they have varying heights. The combination of each of these elements puts the trees in the foreground and the mountains in the background, with the pagoda and some vegetation in the middle. This creates a sense of depth, which was a newer element in Japanese art. Each of the brushstrokes on the bottle is deliberate and creates line for the eye to follow. Hasegawa Tohaku’s painting creates depth, if not more so than the bottle, but by using a different technique. The varying levels of ink he applied to the trees and the lack of ink used in the midst creates an intense depth. It is presumable that all of the trees are planted at the same relative level, but by having the darker trees at varying heights and painting the other trees at varying hues, he created an incredible amount of depth on a flat surface. He created a forest from a row of trees. 6. Conclusion The Shoki-Imari sake bottle and Hasegawa Tohaku’s Pine Trees are obviously very different pieces of art. Pine Trees is ink, black and white, large, on a folding screen and from the Momoyama period. The Shoki-Imari sake bottle is porcelain, underglazed, small, blue and white and from the Edo period. They were created roughly fifty years apart. However, they both express a minimalism that reflects an essence of Japanese aesthetic. Both pieces of art say more with what is understated. They are simple pieces; but the history behind these works and the processes involved are incredibly complex. I find both them both incredibly powerful, peaceful and refreshing.

Suicide :: essays research papers

Wrong and Even Scary Certain people believe that life is not valuable. Although they may not admit this as being true it is evident through their behavior. They admit it through behavior such as believing that it is acceptable to decide one others fate. To believe that it is satisfactory for one human being to decide if another human being should live or die is wrong and even scary. Doctors should not be legally able to assist terminally ill patients to commit suicide. The most precious gift that God has given human beings is the gift of life. Even with this being true people abuse this gift everyday. They abuse this gift in many ways. One way is by attempting to play the role of God. People who assist in deciding one others fate also believe that they are God. This may sound strange but it 100% true. Human beings who assist terminally ill patients to commit suicide believe that they are God. People who believe that it is justifiable for doctors to assist terminally ill patients comm it suicide believe that is acceptable for others to play the role of God. Both of these types of Lee, 2 people are equally wrong. Both of these people's beliefs are also disgusting. There is no way that any human being should be allowed to decide when another human beings time to die is. Terminally ill patients are not exactly thinking 100% correctly during their illness. Some are just not thinking at all. Being terminally ill would be a very dramatic period in anyone's life. So this being said when patient who knows that they are going to die asks another human being to aid them to commit suicide they are not thinking straight. They might believe in their own mind that this is what they want but in reality if they were thinking straight they would not want this at all. This can be proven as well. If one were to ask another when they were perfectly healthy if that they ever became terminally ill if they would like to commit suicide the answer would be no. But yet if that same person were to become terminally ill they might want the exact opposite.

Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Balance in Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man and Butterfield’s Verde

Since balance is a key design principle in art, it is important that the artist achieve it in one of two ways. A piece of art must be either symmetrical or asymmetrical to skeletal achieve balance and not create tension in the work. When a piece of art is symmetrical it is a mirror image. There are an equal number of items of equal size, colors, textures, and etc. Many times this is used in architecture to create a pleasing effect to the eye. Balance can also be attained through asymmetrical design.Equilibrium is still attainable through this technique. Asymmetrical means that several smaller items are balanced by a larger item, larger and smaller objects are arranged at different lengths away from the center, different textures are used, or brighter or darker colors contrasted by lighter or muted shades. The famous artist Leonardo Da Vinci, who lived in the fifteenth century, used the symmetrical technique in his famous drawing of the Vitruvian Man.In this drawing, it is mostly a mi rrored image of the man and his anatomy. This draws the viewer’s eye to the center of the page. However, there is a tiny portion of the work that is asymmetrical. There is slightly more color on one side that is balanced with both feet turning to the side with less color. Deborah Butterfield, a sculptor from the twentieth century to the present, used the asymmetrical technique for her sculpture of the horse, Verde.The back portion of the horse is bulky held on two skeletal legs while the front of the horse is opened and curvy with thin strips of metal for the neck and head. It parallels the way that a real horse would look and it is totally balanced. Works Cited Butterfield, D. (c. 1990). Verde. Da Vinci. L. (c. 1485). The Vitruvian Man. Skaalid, B. (1999). Classic Design Theory Principles of Design: Balance. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://www. usask. ca/education/coursework/skaalid/theory/cgdt/balance. htm

Introduction Floyd

Defines communication competence as communicating in means that are effective and appropriate in a given situation. Practitioners of competent communication can be observed to share several common characteristics. I will attempt to surface 4 of these characteristics, with specific references made to Mr. Ian Low, flogger of The Silver Chef. Self-Awareness Self-awareness is defined as the awareness of how an individual's behavior affects others (Floyd, 2010).An effective communicator must be aware of his individuality and behavior and how others may be affected by his behavior, more specifically, whether it fits within the situation as well as social setting. Emotional intelligence would therefore be key and would allow an Individual to better comprehend the social behaviors and emotions of others, and In turn, translate Into competent communication. The Silver Chef blob was started in 2010 whereas 2 of the blobs he listed in his post, started a year after that in 2011.Despite being a more established food flogger, he demonstrates self-awareness in his posts and refrains from harboring on this fact. If he had, readers may not find his opinions to be credible. Adaptability This trait is defined as one's ability to modify one's own behavior to better suit a changing situation. A competent communicator must be able to adapt to changes in social settings and modify his own behavior appropriately. With reference to the blob, Mr. Low had previously posted a Top 5 Singapore Food Blob when he first started out as a food flogger.However, after 3 years of blobbing and galling more experience within the food community, Mr. Low Is adaptable enough to make a similar post, demonstrating adaptability as a communicator. Cognitive Complexity Being able to understand a given situation in multiple ways defines cognitive complexity (Floyd, 2010). To better understand what Is occurring In a specific situation, It Is Important for an Individual to be aware of the different perspective s. This would prevent him from misjudging what is going on in the said situation, leading to inappropriate responses.In his post, Mr. Low highlighted several aspects of The Dirty Stall such as short descriptions, simple cooking and infrequent blob posts. It would be easy to misconceive these facts and describe â€Å"alkaline† as lazy but Mr. Low demonstrates s a flogger who priorities quality over quantity. Ethics Floyd (2010) defines ethics as a set of ideas that guides us in deciding what is right or wrong. Fair treatment of others and honest communication are examples of ethical communication but cultural plurality may complicate one's understanding of ethical communication due to cultural differences.In his blob, Mr. Low demonstrated this when he admitted to not having met flogger â€Å"alkaline† in person before and that â€Å"alkaline† does not blob as often. It would have been easy to omit these facts to lend more credibility to his post but instead, he c ited to mention this fact. 494 words Question 2 The communication process possesses several key characteristics that would define it as being dynamic in nature. Apart from being irreversible, multi-dimensional and inevitable, communication is also transactional.Transactional communication involves simultaneous initiation and interpretation of messages by communicators (Dobbin & Pace, 2006). When an individual initiates a message, the initiator will look for feedback from other communicators. The initiator will then adapt his messages to the changing situation. This implies that communication can be a continuously changing process and that people may modify their behavior and messages throughout the process.With reference to the article, â€Å"1 in 2 Singapore residents do not have a close friend from another race: survey', I will attempt to provide examples to show how messages are coded and decoded effectively, or otherwise, to help me better understand the news reported in the ar ticle. Encoding and decoding of messages In the process of communication, encoding and decoding are two processes that enable communicators to initiate and interpret messages (Dobbin & Pace, 2006).Encoding is further defined as the initiation and creation of messages that enables a communicator to translate feelings, ideas and thoughts into symbols. Decoding refers to the interpretation of messages by deciphering symbols into comprehensible and meaningful feelings, ideas and thoughts by communicators. Effective coding and decoding Ideally, when messages are interpreted in the way they were meant to be conveyed, coding and decoding leads to shared meaning by communicators. This results in successful communication as the symbols would be meaningful and recognizable byExample 1 (Effective coding of article) Within the article, sub-headlines such as â€Å"No inter-racial and religious tension in Singapore† effectively summarizes the following paragraph into an easy-to- comprehend sentence. Effective coding of the article such as this, contributes to the effective decoding of the article by readers. Example 2 (Effective coding and decoding of postings) User Karl commented â€Å"the Divide and Conquer tactics deployed sure works, isn't it? Who is behind all this thing? † in reply to a post by another user Suffering Singapore.In reply User Suffering Singapore posted I was having that in mind and wanted to add to my posting but I thought that I should hear from others posters who share the same thoughts YES the divisive policies in the name of ethnic integration have created the reverse effect. What do you think? † In this example, Karl had effectively encoded his opinion that a â€Å"Divide and Conquer† strategy had been implemented leading to the problem previously highlighted by Suffering Singapore. This was then effectively decoded by Suffering Singapore, leading to shared meaning of the topic they were both discussing.Ineffective coding and decoding When messages are ineffectively coded and/or decoded, this could lead to the miscommunication as messages are misinterpreted. Example 1 (Ineffective encoding of article) When decoding the article's headline, communicators might misinterpret the article as focusing on an existing racial divide in Singapore. In trying to sensationalist the article to boost readership, the writer may not have effectively encoded the actual content of the article, which highlights several positives found in the survey. A reader may Jump to conclusions, assume the worst and let his opinions and feelings known n a post.Example 2 (Ineffective decoding of article) The article features a survey carried out with Singapore Residents on the state of racial and religious harmony in Singapore and focuses on several indicators such as inter-racial tension, discrimination and openness to embracing diversity. Several users have misinterpreted this article and user â€Å"BRB† in particular, comme nted the article as being racist in nature. The user posted â€Å"Wow.. This article is Just racist.. Why will my bestrides need to be of community something we never really thought much of or cared!.. â€Å"

The Pocketbook Game essays

The Pocketbook Game essays In the short story "The Pocketbook Game" was about this black woman named Mildred ,who was carrying a conversation with her friend Marge about a situation involving Mrs.E...., a lady she works for. Mildred tells Marge how Mrs. E....always holds her pocketbook close to her every time she is around. So Mildred tells Marge how she got back at Mrs.E... One day Mrs E. told Mildred to do something so Mildred purposely left her purse behind and waited outside for a couple of minutes and then knocked on the door rapidly and yelled "I forgot my purse." She held it close to her just like Mrs.E... would always do. So mrs.E felt ashamed and tried to apologize, but Mildred interrupted her saying if she paid as less attention as Mrs.E.... did to her she would hold her pocketbook also. The theme of the passage was never judge a book by its cover. Mrs.E... assumed because Mildred was black that she would steal her belongings. This is a major problem in the American society today due to prejudging of blacks with felonies and crimes. This passage illustrated a common situation that happens to blacks on a regular basis. This theme teaches that people should not be judge on the basis of their color of their skin. Our law says innocent until proven guilty, yet blacks are always subjected to be tried as guilty until proven innocent. Alice Childress clarified through this passage a typical situation common to black people. ...

Border security issues (week 3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Border security issues (week 3) - Essay Example Of course this shows that the Mexican public had little confidence with the police handling border security issues. In the midst of all these hardships, there is hope for radical transformation on the horizon, with the onset of a new government. Under the new leadership of the new President Enrique Peà ±a Nieto, perhaps there might be changes. During the Mexican Election campaigns Peà ±a Nieto ran for president on promises that he would end the drug wars and promote police reforms. Currently, it may be too early to determine whether the new administration is doing something to promote reforms in the Mexican police departments. This is because the Mexican public has lost faith in police the police in Mexico. It is no secret that the police force has committed so many atrocities and violated human rights. The expression that Rome was not created in one day plays a significant role in Mexico’s problems. For the new administration to change this trend there is more to do than just introducing police reforms. The operational policies and procedures in police departments need to change. The training and development of officers also needs to change into a system that encourages officers who are not corrupt (Adams, 2006). Increasing reward systems in the force may also aid in promoting the officers to deliver the right services. It will promote the general police force image from a brutal force to one that is professional and fair, thereby resulting to more respect from the Mexican

The American System of Criminal Justice - Death Penalty Should be Abol Research Paper

The American System of Criminal Justice - Death Penalty Should be Abolished - Research Paper Example According to this view, the death penalty has been proved, over and over again, as a flawed machine, riddled with errors, besmirched officials, and defective practices. As Jeffrey H. Reiman maintains, the death penalty, in principle, is a just punishment for murder, but it is an unjust penalty in practice, especially in the American context, where it is applied in arbitrary and discriminatory ways. Thus, he makes a strong argument maintaining that â€Å"it is good in principle to avoid the death penalty and bad in practice to impose it.† (Reiman, 1998, p. 68). Therefore, it becomes evident, in a profound analysis of the research evidence, that death penalty should be abolished, sooner or later, because it is morally unjustified and uncivilized practice of punishment today. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the topic in order to identify the major arguments in favour of the view that death penalty should be abolished. Why Death Penalty should be abolished The debate concerning whether or not the death penalty should be abolished has been a long one, and the idea of abolition of death penalty gained momentum across the globe over the last five decades. It is important to recognize that death penalty or Capital Punishment has been practised by almost all the societies of the world during the different stages of their history and it is still observed as the essential form of punishment in various societies across the globe today. Significantly, there have been varied opinions on the subject of Capital Punishment, some for it and others against it. Unquestionably, the question relating to the death penalty has become one of the most engaging issues of debate in the world in the present day, and the world is divided into two parts on the same question. Whereas the supporters of the death penalty argue that the practice of death penalty is essential to maintain decorum and to discourage future crimes, a stronger plea has been made by the critics of d eath penalty according to whom it is an infringement of the basic human rights. According to the supporters of the abolition of death penalty, it is a barbaric act of murder which is not morally, ethically, religiously, or democratically acceptable practice. Citing the declaration by the American Civil Liberties Union, Hugo Adam Bedau argues that â€Å"the death penalty inherently violates the constitutional ban against cruel and unusual punishment and the guarantee of due process of law and the equal protection of the laws. The imposition of the death penalty is inconsistent with fundamental values of our democratic system.† (Bedau, 1992). As Hugo Adam Bedau maintains, the death penalty should be realized as an excruciating refutation of civil liberties to the citizens of a state which does not have the right to kill human beings. Therefore, it is essential to â€Å"seek to prevent executions and to abolish capital punishment by litigation, legislation, commutation, or by t he weight of a renewed public outcry against this brutal and brutalizing institution.† (Bedau, 1992). In a reflective analysis of the arguments for the abolition of death penalty, it becomes lucid that several nations of the world, including Portugal and the United Kingdom, have outlawed the death penalty. The process of abolishing the death penalty around the world started as early as the mid-1800s, and the ethical dimensions of the question have been widely cited as the major reason for the abolition of death penalty.     

Broadband Market in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Broadband Market in the UK - Essay Example 4). Nevertheless, broadband services â€Å"can be accessed from the local telephone exchange (either via copper lines or fibre optic cable), a cable television hub and via wireless and satellite technologies† (Downing 2011, p. 4). Broadband services â€Å"is usually described by the amount of data (in bits) that can be transferred† (Downing 2011, p. 4). To give an idea of the required speed that would make data transfer fast and efficient, â€Å"a typical email is thousands of bits (kilobits or kb), a music file can be several million bits (megabits or Mb per second---Mbps) and a firm may be several billion bits (gigabits or GB)† (Downing 2011, p. 4). To enjoy a live stream requires a constant speed of 2Mbps and, in 2009, it was estimated that about 2.75 million people in the UK had broadband speed of less than this (Downing 2011, p. 6). Today, broadband services are highly available on mobile phones. Mobile telephony is â€Å"a largely deregulated market in the UK† and this may be an explanation why broadband services became increasingly available in mobile phones (Downing 2011, p. 12). II. ... 1). Nevertheless, residential fixed broadband customers have been using an average of 17GB of data monthly (Ofcom 2011b, p. 2). Citing data from the London Internet Exchange, Ofcom (2012b, p. 2) reported that internet traffic â€Å"has increased seven fold in the last five years.† The Ofcom estimated that if demand continues to grow at the same pace, new investments have to made (Ofcom 2011b, p. 2). New technologies are being introduced to deliver up to 80 Mbit/s over copper wires and 300Mbit/s over fibre (Ofcom 2011b, p. 2). In the market, there are at least three kinds of internet speed: the headline or the advertised speed, the average speed and the maximum speed (Ofcom 2011c, p. 3-4). 2G. According to UK Ofcom, as of November 2011, â€Å"97% of premises and 66% of the UK landmass can receive a 2G signal outdoors form all four 2G networks.† However, according to the same source, â€Å"approximately 900,000 UK premises do not have a choice of all four 2G mobile netwo rks.† The 2G coverage is mostly voice and SMS. The so-called 2G refers to â€Å"second generation of mobile telephony systems† (UK Ofcom 2011b, p. 101). The 2G â€Å"uses digital transmission to support voice, low-speed data communications, and short messaging services† (UK Ofcom 2011, p. 101). Ofcom calculates that for 2G, 99% of England, 92% of Wales and Northern Ireland and 98% of Scotland have broadband coverage (Downing 2012, p. 13). 3G. Meanwhile only â€Å"73% of premises and just 13% of the UK’s land mass receive a signal outdoors from all five 3G networks, with lower coverage in less densely populated areas† (UK Ofcom). Thus, â€Å"approximately 7.7 million UK premises do not have a choice of all five 3G mobile networks† (UK Ofcom 2011a).

Capital Punishment College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital Punishment College - Essay Example Finally, the Roman law of twelve tablets codified it in the fifth century BC (Death Penalty Information Center). As far as 437 BC, the usefulness of the capital punishment was questioned. By arguing its non-deterrent effect, Diodotus persuaded the Athenian assembly to reverse its decision to execute all adult males of the city of Mitylene. In the eighteenth century, various philosophers called for the abolition of the capital punishment. Montesquieu, for example, called for its restriction to murder, attempted murder, certain types of manslaughter and some offences against property. Beccaria, on the contrary, did not call for its limitation but rather for its complete abolition. The writings of Beccaria ended the distinction in the application of the capital punishment between poor and nobles, and his ideas led to the promulgation of a penal code in Tuscany that eliminated it entirely. The main debate surrounding the issue of capital punishment is its constitutionality. Capital punishment proponents believe that the capital punishment is an integral part of our criminal justice system and reserved for offenders who commit the most heinous of crimes, while death opponents believe in the sanctity of life for any reason. Capital punishment has been applied to both genders at all levels of competency. It has affected the lives of adults, juveniles and nearly all races of mankind. The continuation of the capital punishment raises several arguments. Capital punishment was a volatile issue in 20th century and continues to be a morally divisive topic in the 21st century. The underlying ideology of those who support capital punishment appears to be the notion of retribution and the concept of a safer society based on the theory of general deterrence. The following questions need to be examined when determining the validity of that premise: (a) is the capital punishment a general deterrence to future criminal activity, (b) is it morally acceptable to take a life in the name of justice, (c) is the capital punishment a form of cruel and unusual punishment And (d) should an offender with a mental deficiency be a candidate for execution The surveys conduced by the Pew Research (Robert, 2007) reveal that public now support the capital punishemnet more than ever before (see table 1 below) Source: Pew Research Although the arguments offered against the capital punishment have some weight and logic, it must be remembered that there is another party besides the murderer involved in every murder, and that is the victim. By the unjustified taking of another's life, the murderer has forfeited his own. Hence, we are not obligated to support murderers for the rest of their natural life. If one murderer is granted life in prison while another is executed, it is only because of the extraordinary degree of leniency that we have in our American system of jurisprudence, and not because of any intrinsic unfairness. It is also argued that there is no visible deterrence effect of capital punishment visible. This argument does not seem to be based on any factual grounds as it is impossible to prove the effect of something that didn't happen. On the other hand, it is a matter of common sense that some people would refrain from killing another person due to the fact that they fear death themselves. Similarly, many others refrain from murdering because they consider it socially reprehensible and they consider it

Ecosystem Approach in Fisheries Governance in the Arctic

Ecosystem Approach in Fisheries Governance in the Arctic A social science perspective on fisheries management and development Mikhnyuk Elizaveta Abstract The ecosystem approach to fisheries is a highly topical issue at present. The aim of current analysis was to reveal the historical development of the ecosystem approach to fisheries in the Arctic. The Arctic has natural resources and a rich wildlife is important to the inhabitants. The Arctic is undergoing major environmental changes including decrease in sea ice cover, increase in river runoff and precipitation, accelerated warming, and permafrost and glacier melt. This changes, along with new opportunities for economic development create more stress and pressure on the Arctic marine ecosystem. Introduction Arctic biodiversity isn’t only valuable in itself, but it is extremely important for use in various fields of human activity. Arctic is the habitat of species with striking adaptations to survive in the extreme cold and highly variable climatic conditions. More than ten percent of the global fish catch accounts for the Arctic Sea and the Arctic. More and more tourists are heading north. Growing worldwide interest in Arctic species and ecosystems as an increasingly rare example of primordial biological diversity. Warming and economic potential will cause health problems and welfare in the Arctic. Effects of pollutants on the environment and human health in the Arctic remains one of the highest priorities. Sources and pathways of these pollutants are found both inside and outside the region. In the Arctic marine and terrestrial animals, which are eaten by indigenous ethnic groups and other inhabitants of the North, accumulate many persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals resulting from industrial and agricultural activities carried much further south, but transferred and accumulated in the food chain. Moreover, many existing and abandoned military and industrial facilities left in the Arctic region pollutants and pollution. These objects can represent significant problems and potentially contribute to the deterioration of local and regional environment. The problem is even more serious conditions, there is a trend in the warming of the Arctic, which leads to an accelerated release and di stribution of substances in the environment. (Perelet R. 2006) What is the ecosystem approach? The term â€Å"Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries† (EAF) was adopted by the FAO Technical Consultation on Ecosystembased Fisheries Management held in Reykjavik from 16 to 19 September 2002 (FAO, 2003). Thereby the EAF should be seen as an evolution of traditional fisheries management and not as revolution. The term â€Å"approach† indicates that the concept delineates a way of taking ecosystem considerations into more conventional fisheries management (Garcia et al., 2003). The Reykjavik FAO Expert Consultation (FAO, 2003) was introduced the main purpose of an ecosystem approach to fisheries is to plan, develop and manage fisheries in a manner that addresses the multiplicity of societal needs and desires. (Kempf, 2009) Under the World Summit in Johannesburg in 2002, the participants were committed to implement an ecosystem approach to fisheries management within 2010 (Norwegian State Secretary Ulriksen, 2006). In 2003, the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO, 2002) published guidelines for an ecosystem –based management approach to fisheries. The guidelines emphasized that fisheries should be conducted to limit the impact on ecosystems. Moreover, it also states that dependent and associated species being harvested should maintain their ecological relationship for further generation to be able to benefit from them. The North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) (the US fisheries in the Bering Sea) was supposed that ecosystem approach to fisheries management should consider the interactions among fisheries and their target species, their direct and indirect impact on other species and this influence on target fisheries, as well as broader ecosystem actions such as climate, predate or play relationship and other socioeconomic activities (NPFMC:71). The plan sees other activities that affect the marine ecosystem, such as communities, shipping, oil and gas development, and military. (Tonje Fingalsen, 2009) Arctic Marian Ecosystems The Arctic is the habitat of more than 21,000 species, well adapted to cold: mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates, plants and fungi, including lichens, as well as tens of thousands of species of microbes. The Arctic is a unique opportunity to keep large intact ecosystems to their original set of species. The implementation of this feature will help to preserve the integrity of Arctic biodiversity and sustainability of Arctic communities. Biodiversity in the Arctic is degraded, but the immediate adoption of decisive measures will help to keep extensive and relatively intact ecosystems tundra, mountains, fresh water, seas, and the role that they play in the livelihood of mankind. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world’s oceans (total area c. 10 million km2) and consists of a deep central basin, the Arctic Basin, surrounded by continental shelves. The Arctic Basin is further divided by the Lomonosov Ridge (maximum sill depth: 1,870 m; Jakobsson et al. 2008) into the Eurasian and Amerasian Basins. Maximum depths (c. 5,260 m) are found near the Gakkel Ridge, an extension of the North Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge system that divides the Eurasian Basin along a line from northern Greenland to the East Siberian shelf (Jakobsson et al. 2004). The Arctic Ocean has the most extensive shelves of any ocean, covering about 50% of its total area. The circumpolar marine Arctic comprises the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland Sea. The Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi shelves are shallow and broad (400-800 km) while the shelves Arctic marine ecosystems are important constituents of global biodiversity. Arctic marine ecosystems are habitats to a vast array of over 5,000 animal species and over 2,000 species of algae and tens of thousands of microbes. The marine Arctic also provides habitat for large populations of marine mammals and birds, some of which form colonies that are among the largest seabird colonies on the planet. The unique characteristics of Arctic marine ecosystems also contribute directly to global diversity. For example, Arctic sea ice ecosystems support biodiversity at various scales ranging from unique microbial communities to apex predator species such as the polar bear Ursus maritimus and walrus Odobaenus rosmarus whose ecology is closely associated with the sea ice environment. Indirectly, the Arctic Ocean plays a key role in shapingthe global biodiversity of marine and terrestrial ecosystemsas it plays an essential role in the Earth climatesystem. The Arctic Ocean also influences marine ecosystemsof the Atlantic Ocean directly, as waters and sea ice exiting the Arctic Ocean affect the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the North Atlantic. (Christine Michel, 2013) An Ecosystem Approach in the Arctic Ocean. Climate change affects the physical environment, with consequent impacts on ecosystems and species as well as the mobilization of contaminants. Human activity in the Arctic may increase due to improved access and rising global demand for resources. Risks from pollution such as oil spills will increase as Arctic development proceeds. Pathways for invasive species to reach the Arctic will become more numerous as more ships travel north and more roads are built. More activity also means a greater potential for habitat degradation. And more activity may mean more people, who may increase fishing and hunting pressures. The habitat needs of migratory species, long-range transport of persistent contaminants, global shipping lanes and the geography of ecosystems do not follow political boundaries. Thus, international cooperation is increasingly needed to fully address the conservation challenges that face Arctic biodiversity now and in the decades to come. The recommendations that follow recognize the interconnected and transboundary nature of the challenges to biodiversity conservation in the Arctic and beyond. (Henry Huntington, 2013) The cumulative impact of anthropogenic pressures such as climate change, pollution, and overfishing is of great concern in the polar regions, where marine ecosystems already face extreme environmental conditions (Clarke and Harris, 2003). This situation applies to the Arctic Ocean, where early signs of global warming (ACIA, 2004) and significant levels of persistent bio-accumulating pollutants (UNEP, 2006) are superimposed on local Stressors. Climate change impacts are expected to be greater in the Arctic than in any other region and will result in important socioeconomic changes. For example, future scenarios of climate change predict a reduction of the Arctic ice cover that will certainly lead to a significant increase in ship- ping, with new or enhanced harbour infrastructures and facilities built on Arctic coasts (Brigham and Ellis, 2004). In addition to marine transportation, traditional activities like fishing and hunting, a reactivation of the oil and gas industry in the offsh ore zone, and emergent sectors like tourism have the potential to affect Arctic ecosystems as never before. (Siron et al.,2008) In 1999 was started the development of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Integrated ecosystem approach to biodiversity and minimize habitat fragmentation in the Russian Arctic. The ecosystem approach doesn’t focus only on the regulation of certain types of fishing, but also ensures that the fishery absent a negative impact on the species associated with the target species or dependent. Given the inherent complexity of the ecosystem approach, it is not surprising that organizations involved in fisheries management, ecosystem usually ignores questions and focus on species, are subject to specific fisheries. In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD, Johannesburg) noted that human-induced threats to biodiversity require urgent action, and for achieving progress in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is the ecosystem approach set out in the decisions taken in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity. WSSD welcomed in its final document the application by 2010 of the ecosystem approach, noting the Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem and of the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity. In 2002, the Declaration of the Third Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council (Inari) gave a positive assessment of the GEF project Integrated Ecosystem Approach to Conserve Biodiversity and reduce violations of habitats in the Russian Arctic (ECORA) as an integrated ecosystem approach to the management of natural resources, in which individuals and communities improve their ability to make responsible decisions about their natural habitat. In 2004, the Reykjavik Declaration on the Strategic Plan for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (AMSP), it is observed that the basis of AMSP put the ecosystem approach, and there was a call for Member States, working groups of the Arctic Council and relevant regional and international bodies to encourage application of this approach to the Arctic marine environment. The ecosystem approach is the key principle proposed to meet the long-term goals of the Arctic Councils Arctic Marine Strategic Plan: to reduce and prevent pollution, conserve marine biodiversity and ecosystem functions, promote the health and prosperity of Arctic inhabitants, and advance sustainable marine resource use (Arctic Council, 2004). The Strategic Plan for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment recognizes the need on the basis of international agreements contribute to global control and reduction of production in the Arctic found dangerous chemicals. Fingalsen T. supposed that the greatest fear in the Arctic is an oil spill. How the petroleum company is going to clean it up, especially from the ice? Twenty years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound cannot be perceived as clean. Oil spills might be rare, but it we still don’t know the long term consequences on how an oil spill and seismic exploration affects sea mammals. The petroleum industry might create jobs, but how important is this if it interferes with the way of life of the indigenous peoples? (Fingalsen T, 2009) The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) has developed an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. This approach doesn’t concentrate exclusively on industrial species. The main goal is prevent the harmful influence of fishing on the dependent and related species. Unlike other multilateral agreements on Fisheries Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources is engaged not only the regulation of fishing, but is also responsible for the preservation of the ecosystem. Such an ecosystem approach, which considers the entire Southern Ocean as a set of interconnected ecosystems, the case for other multilateral agreements on fisheries. The ecosystem approach does not focus exclusively on the species, non-target species. This approach aims to avoid situations in which fishing has an adverse influence on their dependent and associated species (animals with which people compete for food resources). Conclusion Large areas of the Arctic is still relatively little change, which makes it possible to take proactive measures to minimize or even complete prevention of future problems, the elimination which would be very expensive or simply impossible. For the conservation of biological diversity in the Arctic ecosystem approach is needed to the examination of projects implemented here, to assess the possible environmental impact of their implementation, the ecosystem approach to fisheries planning biological resources, taking into account possible changes in climate and ecosystem change, the value of ecosystem functions in the assessment of projects and planning fishing bioresources as well as the choice of options for the development of the Arctic regions. More and more countries (including the Arctic circumpolar countries) will incorporate ecosystem approach into their national legislation and policy instruments for the management of activities and resources in marine areas under their jurisdiction. Optimally, national approaches will be compatible and consistent with each other, though not necessarily similar. Work with this species in the Arctic-wide level will not be easy Reference list Fingalsen T. (2009) Arctic Governance and Human Economic Interest: An Ecosystem Management Approach to Arctic Stakeholders. Bodà ¸ Graduate School of Business, Norway. Fisheries and Aquaculture topics. Fisheries governance. Topics Fact Sheets. in FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Retrieved 15 October 2014 from http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/2014/en. Garcia, S.M.; Zerbi, A.; Aliaume, C.; Do Chi, T.; Lasserre, G. (2003). The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome, FAO. 71 p. Huntington H. (2013) Arctic Biodiversity Assessment: Report for Policy Makers. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). Akureyri, Iceland. Retrieved 20 October 2014 from http://www.arcticbiodiversity.is/the-report/report-for-policy-makers. Kempf A. (2010) Ecosystem approach to fisheries in the European context – history and future challenges. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, pp. 102-109. Michel C. Chapter 14. Marine Ecosystems. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). 2013, Akureyri, Iceland. Retrieved 1 November 2014 from http://www.arcticbiodiversity.is/the-report/chapters/marine-ecosystems. Perelet R. (2006) The ecosystem approach to environmental management and environmental management. Management of the economy, pp. 34 – 50. Siron R., Sherman K., Skjoldal H.R., Hiltz E. (2008) Ecosystem-Based Management in the Arctic Ocean: A Multi-Level Spatial Approach. Arctic, Vol. 61, Supplement 1: Arctic Change and Coastal Communities, pp. 86-102. Shuntov V.P., Temnykh O.S. (2013) Illusions and realities of ecosystem approach to study and management of marine and oceanic biological resources, pp. 3–29.